What's up with the magic tape that athletes are wearing?

Li Na with kinesio tape on her knee, playing on clay.

When Chinese tennis star Li Na won the Australian open final this weekend, she had two long, wide strips of black tape criss-crossing her right knee. And in the semifinals, Poland’s Agnieszka Radwanska had two similar pieces of tape criss-crossed over her right shoulder.  Sports fans have been seeing this sight for a few years now: we saw these big pieces of tape slathered across the legs of many Olympic swimmers in the 2008 and 2012 Olympics. 

So what is this tape on the knees, shoulders, and thighs of top athletes? And more important, does it work?

Why is it so popular? After all, with so many world-class athletes using it, it must help somehow, right? Nope. Athetic tape has become hugely popular thanks to clever marketing: during the 2008 Olympic games in Beijing, tape manufacturer KT tape donated its “kinesio tape” to 58 countries for their athletes to use. Many athletes gave it a try, and millions of viewers saw it on television.

Athletes are notoriously superstitious. If they have a good performance, they will obsessively try to repeat everything they wore, ate, or otherwise did that might have led to that performance. Obviously, with so many athletes wearing elastic tape in 2008 games, some of them performed well. This merely reinforces the superstition that somehow the tape helped.

Tape man! (From the KT website.)

Fortunately, this claim is pretty easy to study, and multiple studies were done after the 2008 Olympics, looking at the possible benefits of athletic tape. A review of ten scientific studies published in the journal Sports Medicine in 2012 found little benefit. They reported that 

“The efficacy of KT [kinesio tape] in pain relief was trivial given there were no clinically important results.” 

Other studies looked at other effects, and for these the authors reported “KT had some substantial effects on muscle activity, but it was unclear whether these changes were beneficial or harmful.” Not a slam dunk for the benefits of kinesio tape, apparently.  

Tennis player Li Na was wearing the tape on her knee. What does the science say about tape for knee pain in particular? Here the evidence is not so clear. A small study last year by Marc Campolo and colleagues compared at Kinesio Tape® to another taping method called the McConnell Taping (MT) and to no tape at all. The difference between the tapes is that KT is elastic, while the MT technique uses rigid tape. This study found a small benefit for both types of tape on pain while climbing stairs or doing knee squats. This result is interesting, but the study only had 20 subjects, far too few to say anything conclusive. And it wasn't "blinded" - the subjects obviously knew they had tape on their knees. So they might have been telling the scientists what they wanted to hear, a common phenomenon in these types of studies.

Of course, the company that sells KT tape is not nearly so careful in their claims. Their website says:

“KT TAPE is lightweight, comfortable to wear, and can be used for hundreds of common injuries such as lower back pain, knee pain, shin splints, carpal tunnel syndrome, and tennis elbow, just to name a few.”

This is, to put it mildly, a bit of overstatement.  As the recent review article stated, when it comes to pain relief, the evidence shows “no clinically important results.”

There are a remarkable number of studies looking at various kinds of taping for joint or muscle problems, but the evidence is, on the whole, weak at best. My reading is that elastic tape probably has no more than a placebo benefit. But in sports, a placebo benefit can be significant: if you think it helps, it might really help.  

And think of the other benefits: KT tape comes in lots of cool colors, and for just a few bucks, you’ll look like a pro. A women's pro, that is: I didn't see any tape on Rafael Nadal or Stanislas Wawrinka in the men's final. Maybe that's because removing a big piece of tape from a hairy leg has got to hurt.

The top 6 vitamins and supplements you shouldn’t take

The evidence against supplements continues to pile up.

Recently I created a list of The Top 5 Vitamins You Shouldn’t Take. Now I’m expanding that list to include vitamin D, which is taken by almost half of older adults. Now, two new studies in latest issue of The Lancet show that most of these people are wasting their money.

The first study is a large review by Philippe Autier and colleagues, who found that taking supplemental vitamin D has no effect on a wide range of diseases and conditions. After looking at over 450 studies, the authors conclude:

“The absence of an effect of vitamin D supplementation on disease occurrence, severity, and clinical course leads to the hypothesis that variations [in vitamin D levels] would essentially be a result, and not a cause, of ill health.”

So it appears that we’ve been getting cause and effect backwards, at least as far as vitamin D is concerned. Autier looked at non-skeletal disorders, including heart disease, weight gain, mood disorders, multiple sclerosis, and metabolic disorders, all of which have been linked to lower vitamin D. In trial after trial, supplemental vitamin D had no beneficial effect on any of these conditions. Autier et al concluded that:

“associations between 25(OH)D and health disorders … are not causal. Low 25(OH)D [vitamin D] could be the result of inflammatory processes involved in disease.”

Instead, the researchers found, in study after study, that low vitamin D was the result of poor health, not the cause.

The Autier study didn’t look at the biggest supposed benefit of vitamin D: protection against osteoporosis. We’ve long known that vitamin D is associated with bone health. Fortunately, in the same issue of The Lancet, Ian Reid and colleagues looked closely at this question. They reviewed 23 studies with 4082 participants, all designed to determine at whether supplemental vitamin D improves bone density. Their findings? It doesn’t help. They concluded:

“Continuing widespread use of vitamin D for osteoporosis prevention in community-dwelling adults without specific risk factors for vitamin D deficiency seems to be inappropriate.”

Vitamin D supplements, to put it plainly, are a waste of money.

(For those concerned about osteoporosis, the widely used drug alendronate (Fosamax®), has been shown to increase bone density by about 5%, as explained in a 2011 article by Dr. Sundeep Khosia. But Fosamax has side effects.)

It’s pretty easy to get enough vitamin D in a normal diet. Or, as Dr. Mark Gillinov explained in the Huffington Post last week, just 10 minutes of sunlight gives you about 4 times your daily recommended vitamin D requirement.

So here's my expanded list of the Top Six Vitamins You Shouldn’t Take, with the newest entrant at the end:

1. Vitamin C
2. Vitamin A and beta carotene
3. Vitamin E
4. Vitamin B6
5. Multi-vitamins
6. Vitamin D

You can read more about the first five in the original list.

What’s left? Well, if you don’t have a deficiency, there’s no reason to take any supplemental vitamins at all.  As my Hopkins colleagues Eliseo Guallar, Lawrence Appel, and Edgar Miller wrote last month in the Annals of Internal Medicine : “Enough is enough: stop wasting money on vitamin and mineral supplements.”  As they wrote, after looking at three more large studies just published last month,

"most supplements do not prevent chronic disease or death, their use is not justified, and they should be avoided."

Save your money. Or better yet, if you must spend it, buy a bit more fresh fruit. You'll be healthier for it.